အဂၤလိပ္စာေလ႔လာရေအာင္

In learning English, we have to know the Eight Parts of Speech.
Eight Parts of Speech
1. Noun ( နာမ္ ) သက္ရွိ၊ သက္မဲ့တုိ႕၏အမည္
2. Pronoun ( နာမ္စား ) နာမ္၏အစားသုံးေသာပုဒ္
3. Adjective ( နာမ၀ိေသသန ) နာမ္ကုိအထူးျပဳေသာပုဒ္
4. Verb ( ၾကိယာ) ျပဳျခင္း၊ ရွိျခင္း၊ ျဖစ္ျခင္းကုိ ျပေသာပုဒ္
5. Adverb ( ၾကိယာ၀ိေသသန ) ၾကိယာ၊ နာမ၀ိေသသန၊ ၾကိယာ၀ိေသသန တုိ႕ကုိအထူးျပဳေသာပုဒ္
6. Preposition ( ၀ိဘက္ ) ပုဒ္အျခင္းျခင္းကုိဆက္စပ္ေပးေသာပုဒ္
7. Conjunction (စကားဆက္) ၀ါက်အျခင္းျခင္းကုိဆက္သြယ္ေပးေသာပုဒ္
8. Interjection ( အာေမဋိတ္ ) စိတ္ခံစားမႈေၾကာင့္ထြက္ေပၚလာေသာ စကားလုံးမ်ား

Noun ( နာမ္ )
Noun is the name of a place, thing and person.
eg: Man, boy, table, tree, solider, dog, cat, bird, lion, fireman, loving kindness, book, milk, rice, water, sliver, iron, hate, anger, tower, shopping mall.
There are five kinds of nouns. နာမ္ကုိ ၅ မ်ိဳးခြဲႏုိင္ပါသည္။
၁။ Common Noun ( အမ်ားဆုိင္နာမ္ )
Some names are names given to shapes and forms, or a particular description. They are called common nouns.
Eg. Boy , girl, dog, tiger, book, tree, man, table, chair ect…
၂။ Collective Noun ( အစုျပနာမ္ )
Some names are names given to a group. They are called collective nouns.
Eg. Class, army, navy, crowd, family, team, party, league, committee etc…

၃။ Material Noun ( ဒဗၺနာမ္ )
Some names are names given to the material as different from shape or form. They are called material noun.
Eg. Paddy, rice, wheat, teak, oil, salt, silver, Gold, water, wood, coffee, meat, pork, fish etc…
၄။ Proper Noun ( တစ္ဦးဆုိင္နာမ္ )
Some names are names given to individual things, persons or places. They are called proper nouns.
Eg. Mg Thein Tun, Ma Sabyal, Yangon, Mandalay, Mr Green, Bahan, Ayeyawadi, Myanmar, Landon, New York.
၅။ Abstract Noun ( စိတၱဇနာမ္ )
Some names are names that are not tangible, but that occur in ideas only. They are called abstract noun.
Eg. Kindness, hardness, happiness, laziness, manhood, friendship, leadership, heat, light, forgiveness.
Noun ကုိ ေရတြတ္၍ ရေသာ နာမ္ Countable Noun ႏွင့္ ေရတြတ္၍မရေသာနာမ္ Uncountable Noun ဟူ၍ခြဲျခားႏုိင္ပါသည္။ အလြယ္မွတ္ရလွ်င္ Common Noun ႏွင့္ Collective Noun ကုိ Countable Noun ဟုမွတ္သားႏုိင္ပါသည္။ Proper Noun , Material Noun ႏွင့္ Abstract Noun တုိ႕ကုိ Uncountable Noun ဟုမွတ္ပါ။
Pronoun ( နာမ္စား )
Pronoun is a noun substitution. A pronoun is used in place of a noun to avoid its unnecessary repetition.
Eg: I ,we, you, he, she, they, it , me, us, you, his, her, them, its, my, mine, their, our, myself, yourself, ourselves, this , that , these, those, some, few, one, any, other.
1. Personal pronoun ( ပုဂၢိဳလ္ျပ နာမ္စား )
Personal pronoun stands for persons. There are three Persons in personal pronoun.
There are : The first person = I , we
The second person = you
The third person = he, she , it , they
2. Relative Pronoun ( ပုဒ္ဆက္နာမ္စား )
Relative Pronoun does two things at the same time, serving as a connective as well as a pronoun.
Eg. What , how, when, why, whatever, whenever, however..
3. Demonstrative Pronoun ( ညႊန္းျပနာမ္စား )
Demonstrative pronoun is used in pointing out certain things or people.
Eg. This, that, these, those
4. Distributive pronoun ( ခြဲေ၀နာမ္စား )
Distributive pronoun is used when speaking of many one by one.
Eg. Each , every, either , neither.
5. Possessive pronoun ( ပုိင္ရွင္နာမ္စား )
Possessive pronoun is used to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).
Eg. Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, its.
6. Numerical Pronoun ( သခ်ၤာနာမ္စား )
Numerical Pronoun can be either cardinal number ( one, two ) or and ordinal.
Eg. One , two , three, four , five, ……
7. Interrogative Pronoun ( အေမးနာမ္စား )
We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know.
Eg. Who, What, Whom, Which, When….
8. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronoun ( ကုိယ္တုိင္ခံႏွင့္ ေလးနက္နာမ္စား )
Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. They either end in –self, as in the singular form, or –selves as in the plural form.
Eg. Myself, yourself, yourselves, himself, themselves, herself, itself ..

Gender and Number in the Pronoun System
Person First Second Third
Number Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Gender Masc. Fem. Neut
Subject I We You You He She It They
Object Me us You You Him Her It Them
Possessive Mine Ours Yours Yours His Hers Its Theirs
Possessive
Determiner My Our Your Your His Her Its Their
Reflexive Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselves Himself Herself Itself Themselves

Adjective ( နာမ၀ိေသသန )
An adjective is a noun-modifier. It add something to the meaning of a noun. Adjective may be roughly divided into three kinds: noun- determiner, noun-describer and noun-modifiers.
Noun-determiner ( အညႊန္းနာမ၀ိေသသန)
Noun-determiner is an adjective which determines a noun.
Eg. Which, How much, How many, whose, My …., a , an, the, few, little, a lot of…
Noun-describer ( သရုပ္ေဖၚျပနာမသိေသသန)
Noun-describer is an adjective which describes a noun.
Eg. A good book, pretty girl, a new car, a lazy girl, intelligent young man…
Noun- modifier ( အထူးျပဳနာမ၀ိေသသန )
A noun-modifier is an adjective which enlarges the meaning of a noun.
Eg. The man from Yangon, a chair for office, a boy under the tree, the most interesting stories, etc…

Noun- Determiners ( အညႊန္းနာမ၀ိေသသန )
1. Article တစ္ခုကိန္း
a. The definite article ( a or an )
b. The definite article ( The )
2. Adjective of quantity ပမာဏျပနာမ၀ိေသသန
One, two, three, four…., some, any, little, few, a little, a few, plenty, a lot of, a great deal of, a large amount of , etc…
3. Demonstrative adjectives ညႊန္းျပနာမ၀ိေသသန
This ___, that ___, These ___, Those ___,
demonstrative adjectives မ်ားကုိ demonstrative pronoun ႏွင့္ မမွားေစရန္ သတိျပဳရမည္။
4. Possessive adjective ပုိင္ဆုိင္မႈျပနာမ၀ိေသသန
My___, our ___, your ___, his ___, her ___, its ___, their ___.
5. Distributive adjective ခြဲေ၀နာမ၀ိေသသန
Each ___, every ___, either ___, neither ___.

Noun-describers ေဖၚျပနာမ၀ိေသသန
Attributive adjective- attached to a noun. နာမ္ကုိအထူးျပဳေသာ
Eg. This is a good book. He is a bad boy.
Predicative adjective – as part of the predicate. ၾကိယာေနာက္လုိက္ေသာ
Eg. This book is good. This boy is intelligent.
Noun- modifiers ( adjective ) အထူးျပဳ နာမ၀ိေသသန
Noun- modifiers are words, phrases and clauses that enlarge the meaning in any other way than determining or describing a noun.
Form of adjectives နာမ၀ိေသသန ပုံစံ
The leaner is to know an adjective as a word, a phrase, or a sentence that determines, describes or modifies a noun. Therefore an adjective may be:
1. A simple adjective သာမာန္နာမ၀ိေသသန
a. Attributive Active နာမ္ကုိအထူးျပဳေသာ နာမ၀ိေသသန
b. Predicate Active ၾကိယာေနာက္လုိက္ေသာ နာမ၀ိေသသန
2. A phrase adjective စကားစု အထူးျပဳနာမ၀ိေသသန
The preposition and its object doing the work of an adjective.
Eg. A boy under the tree, a book on the table, a cat in the box.
3. A clause adjective ( A relative clause )
A sentence doing the work of an adjective.

Adjective phrase ႏွင့္ Adjective clause ( Clause adjective ) ကုိေနာက္ပုိင္းတြင္ တြင္တြင္က်ယ္က်ယ္ ရွင္ျပေပးပါမည္
Verb
A verb is a telling word. It tells us action, state or being. ( do , have, be )
Basic Verbs of predication
1. Verb to be – ျဖစ္ျခင္းျပၾကိယာ
( am, is , are, was, were, will be, shall be, is going to be, are going to be)
Eg. He is a teacher, she is a student. She will be a good leader. Etc..

2. Verb to have – ရွိျခင္းျပၾကိယာ
( have, has, had )
Eg. I have a car. He has a good English book. President has the good quality.
U Ba has some work to do. I have something to tell you.
3. Verb to do - ျပဳျခင္းျပၾကိယာ
She does her homework. Ma Ma makes a chair. U Ba teaches us English.
He studied hard. I had written a letter. They had eaten their launch.

Full verb and Helping verb
Full verb
A full verb is a verb that carries its own meaning. In other words, a full verb has a full meaning in itself.
Eg. I am a student. Mary lives in Yangon. She is in the class. Mg Ba has many friends. She did her work well. I buy a book. I eat a cake. I went/ did go to school yesterday. I made the cake.
Helping verb
A helping verb is a verb that does not carry a meaning, but helps a full verb to have different forms for different situations: it is a structure word.
Eg. I am learning English. I had read this book twice. He did not like the dogs. I need not borrow money from you. I will buy a book. I am buying a book. I have bought a book.etc..

Three parts of verb
The Infinitive The finite The participle
Regular verbs Present Past Present Participle Past participle
To ask Asks, ask Asked Asking Asked
To bake Bakes, bake Baked Baking Baked
To cry Cries, cry Cried Crying Cried
To play Plays, play Played Playing Played
To beg Begs, beg Begged begging begged

Three parts of verb
The Infinitive The finite The participle
Irregular verbs Present Past Present Participle Past participle
To be Am, is , are Was, were Being Been
To break Breaks, break Broke Broken Breaking
To blow Blows, blows Blew Blown Blowing
To do Does, do Did Doing Done
To see Sees, see Saw Seeing Seen
To go Goes, go Went Going Gone
To take Takes, take Took Taking Taken
To write Writes, write Wrote Writing Written
To hide Hides, hide Hid Hiding hidden
To know Knows, know Knew Knowing Known
To choose Chooses, choose Chose Choosing Chosen
To draw Draws, draw Drew Drawing Drawn
To drive Drives, drive Drove Driving Driven
To eat Eats, eat Ate Eating Eaten
To fall Falls, fall Fell Falling Fallen
To feel Feels, feel Felt Feeling Felt
To fight Fights, fight Fought Fighting Fought
To forget Forgets, forget Forgot forgetting Forgotten
To grow Grows, grow Grew Growing Grown
To hit Hits, hit Hit Hitting Hit
To leave Leaves, leave Left Leaving Left
To lose Loses, lose Lost Losing Lost
To mean Means, mean Meant Meaning Meant
To ride Rides, ride Rode Ridding Ridden
To ring Rings, ring Rang Ringing Rung
To rise Rises, rise Rose Rising Risen
To sew Sews, sew Sewed Sewing Sewn
To shine Shines, shine Shone Shinning Shone
To sleep Sleeps, sleep Slept Sleeping slept
To think Thinks, think Thought Thinking Thought

Adverb ( ၾကိယာ၀ိေသသန )
An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective and other adverb.
Form of adverb ၾကိယာ၀ိေသသနပုံစံ
1. Simple adverb ရုိးရုိးၾကိယာ၀ိေသသန
a. He speaks slowly. ( verb- modifier )
b. She thinks very sharply. ( adverb-modifier )
c. The road is quite smooth. ( adjective – modifier )
2. Phrase adverb စကားစု ၾကိယာ၀ိေသသန
Adverb phrase (phrase adverb ) is a group of words formed by the preposition, doing the work of an adverb.
Eg. at six o’ clock, in 2015, on Sunday, under the tree, at home, to University, in the evening, in the morning, etc…
3. Clause adverb ( Adverb clause )
Adverb clause is a part of sentence that works as an adverb.
Eg. when I get here, the class is dismissed. After he got the degree, he go back his native town and teaches English.
Adverb phrase ႏွင့္ Adverb clause (Clause adverb) ကုိေနာက္ပုိင္းတြင္ တြင္တြင္က်ယ္က်ယ္ ရွင္ျပေပးပါမည္

Preposition ( ၀ိဘက္ )
A Preposition is a relation word that relates the position of noun or pronoun.
မွတ္သားရန္ A preposition , like a transitive verb, takes an object after it.
Preposition ၏ေနာက္တြင္ ကံသာလုိက္သည္ကုိမွတ္သားထားရမည္။
Eg. The book is on the table. The cat is under the chair. He buys a book for me.
The pencil is near the table.
Conjunction စကားဆက္
Conjunction is a joining word. There are two types of conjunctions.
1. Coordinate conjunction လက္ေအာက္မခံစကားဆက္
Eg. and , or, but, for, ( and so ), (simple conjunctions )
Both…and, not only… but also…, either…or…, neither…nor…

2. Subordinate conjunction လက္ေအာက္ခံစကားဆက္
a. As, as if, as though, as soon as, although, thought, if , after, because, before, since, while, etc…
b. ( Relative Pronouns ) who, whose, whom, which, that.
c. ( Interrogative relatives ) whether, if, what, which, where, when, why, how, how much, how many, etc…
Interjection အာေမဋိတ္
An interjection is a expression of sudden emotion.
Eg. Ah!, nonsense! , stop!, Hurrah!, Oh dear!, Damn!, How silly of you!, What a shame!,
Bravo!, Goodness!, Well done!

၀ါစဂၤ ၈ မ်ိဳးအေၾကာင္းကုိ အက်ဥ္းခ်ဳပ္တင္ျပေပးျပီးျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ဆက္လက္တင္ျပမည့္အေၾကာင္းအရာကေတာ့ ၀ါက်ေရးထုံးမ်ားျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ၀ါက်တစ္ေၾကာင္းမွာ ၾကိယာမပါပဲေရးလုိ႕ေျပာလုိ႕မရပါ။
I ask you to come here.
Come here.
Come .
ဒီစာေၾကာင္း ၃ ေၾကာင္းတြင္ come ဆုိေသာ ၾကိယာတစ္လုံးတည္းႏွင့္ပင္ နားလည္သေဘာေပါက္ႏုိင္ပါသည္။
ေက်ာင္းသားအမ်ားစုသည္ၾကိယာအေၾကာင္း ေသျခာနပ္စပ္ေအာင္မသိၾကေပ။
Verb
There are three kinds of verb. They are
1. Verb to be ( ရွိ ( တည္ရွိ ) ၊ ျဖစ္ )
2. Verb to do ( ျပဳ )
3. Verb to have ( ရွိ ( ပုိင္ ) )

Verb to be ( ရွိ ( တည္ရွိ ) ၊ ျဖစ္ )
- Am , is , are
- Was, were
- Will be , shall be, can be, may be, might be, must be, have to be, am/is/are going to be
- Would be, should be ( ought to be ), could be, had to be, was going to be, were going to be
Verb to do ( ျပဳ )
- Do, does
- Did
- Will do, shall do, can do, may do, might do, must do, have to do, am/is/are going to be
- Would do, should do ( ought to do ), could do, had to do, was/ were going to do.
Verb to have ( ရွိ ( ပုိင္ ) )
- Have, has
- Had
- Will have, shall have, can have, may have, might have, must have, have to have, am/is/are going to have.
- Would have, should have (ought have) , could have, had to have, was/ were going to have.

ၾကိယာ ၃ မ်ိဳးအေျခခံကုိ ျခံမိလိမ့္မယ္ ဟုေမွ်ာ္လင့္ပါသည္။ ကာလေတြအေၾကာင္းဆက္လက္ေလ့လာ ၾကပါအုန္းစုိ႕

Tenses ကာလမ်ား

Present လက္ရွိကာလ Simple ရုိးရုိး
Past အတိတ္ကာလ Continuous ဆက္လက္
Future အနာဂတ္ကာလ Perfect ျပီးေျမာက္
Perfect Continuous ျပီးေျမာက္ဆက္လက္

Simple Present Tense ( လက္ရွိကာလ ( ပစၥဳပၸန္ ) )
Verb to be
Example
1. The boy under the tree is my younger brother.
2. Is the boy under the tree your brother?
3. The boy under the tree isn’t my brother.
4. The teacher is in the living room.
5. Is the teacher in the living room.
6. Where is the teacher?
7. They are in the kitchen room.
8. She is a teacher.
9. Is she a teacher.
10. The teaching of U Ba is good.
11. The good teacher was a good student.
12. He is going to be a good doctor.
13. You should be a good student.
14. Yangon is the capital city of Myanmar.

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